The mobile industry has made phenomenal progress in providing mobile broadband connectivity to billions of people. This coverage allows individuals and societies to benefit from the potential that internet access can afford: improving communication, sharing information and knowledge, and increasing individual and national prosperity. However, despite this progress, more than 750 million people around the world do not live within the footprint of mobile broadband – and are therefore unable to use the internet, or benefit from all that it can offer. Delivering mobile broadband to this population is increasingly an economic challenge, and less of a technical one. In particular, the average costs for deploying mobile broadband infrastructure in more rural or remote settings can be twice as high as urban deployments – whilst the average revenue of such sites can be ten times lower than their urban counterparts. This report focuses on the first of these two areas: reducing the costs of deployments through leveraging innovation. Recognising that the base station, backhaul technology, and energy solutions represent a considerable proportion of costs, the report explores a number of promising innovations across these three areas.